Ecstasy
From AODWiki
Contents |
Background
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), better known as Ecstasy or X is a synthetic amphetamine analog with stimulant properties that appears to cause unique psychological and physiological effects in human beings (2). It is an illegal drug that acts as both a stimulant and psychedelic, producing an energizing effect, as well as distortions in time and perception and enhanced enjoyment from tactile experiences. MDMA was first created in the early 1900’s by German chemists and officially patented in 1914 (1). Ecstasy is used by a variety of people for various reasons; this includes therapeutically by psychotherapist, as an appetite suppressant for army soldiers, and by people all across the world who enjoy its induced feeling of well-being and connection (2). Ecstasy exerts its primary effects in the brain on neurons that use the chemical serotonin to communicate with other neurons. The serotonin system plays an important role in regulating mood, aggression, sexual activity, sleep, and sensitivity to pain. Research in animals indicates that Ecstasy is a neurotoxin; whether or not this is also true in humans is currently an area of intense investigation. Ecstasy can also be dangerous to health and, on rare occasions, lethal. Costs around $20 - $45 per tablet. This drug most commonly known as Ecstasy is used in many situations, but mainly as a party drug. Kids in middle school are using this drug today, as well as many high school students on the weekends. Many people used to be involved in cocaine, but this is a fairly new drug that attracted many teens. They are highly influenced by the singers of today, while many of the new hip hop songs coming out talk about taking the drug. Ecstasy is a very toxic drug that causes short- and long-term physiological and psychological effects (1).
Prevalence
Typical Uses
Ecstasy can be swallowed, snorted, injected smoked, or shefed (insertion of pill into the anus) where it is eventually absorbed. Ecstasy is a hallucinogenic drug typically used at dance parties or raves.
Dosage
Can be taken orally in tablet form or capsule. On average, a tablet contains about 30 mg. of active ingredients.
Duration
The typical dose is between 80 and 150 mgs (1). It is normally consumed orally as a pill or tablet, but it can also be inhaled or injected (1). However, methods other than oral administration of X are normally less efficacious (2). When taken on an empty stomach onset of effects can occur in 30 - 40 seconds. A rush can last from 15 - 30 minutes, 1/2 - 3 hours until effects plateau, and 6 hours until effects are gone. 2
Effects
Once consumed, it is known to cause an immediate rush within the first 60 minutes, followed by a 3-4 hour plateau period, and finally a gradual decrease in effect (1). Once Ecstasy has been consumed, the consumer is subject to a number of psychological effects. These effects include “an increased sense of health, increased empathy, inability to focus, visual hallucinations, paranoia, and anxiety” (1). These effects last between 3 and 6 hours on average (1). It is also known that while under the influence of Ecstasy, ones desire for sexual intercourse will increase. However, the ability to achieve orgasm for men and arousal for women is greatly decreased while under the influence of the drug. Thus, ecstasy has been termed a sensual drug, rather than a sexual drug (2). One who has consumed Ecstasy is also subject to a number of short-term physiological effects. These include an “elevated heart rate, insomnia, dehydration, dilated pupils, clenching of the jaw, grinding of the teeth, an increase in overall body temperature, and an elevated blood pressure” (1). Individuals that consume Ecstasy also commonly experience bruxism, trismus, anorexia, diaphoresis, and hot flashes (2). Often, the after-effects of Ecstasy can last longer than intended. Effects have been known to last up to 24 hours. The most dramatic effect is known as the “hangover” effect (2). Also, MDMA users can undergo lethargy, anorexia, and decreased inspiration, which can last for days (McDowell 2.7). The constant consumption of Ecstasy increases ones risk of its long-term side effects. These effects include verbal and visual memory, impairment and possible permanent damage to neurons (1). Neurons are brain nerve cells that produce serotonin (1). Serotonin affects ones mood, appetite, sleep, and memory (1). Scientific studies conducted by researchers at Johns Hopkins University also indicate that many damaged neurons grow back abnormally or not at all causing health damage (1). Research indicates that Ecstasy use, even in acute amounts, can result in undesirable poisonous reactions. The toxicity of Ecstasy results in several other physiological and psychological effects. The physiological effects include vomiting, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and seizure 1). The psychological effects that are a result of the toxicity include anxiety, panic reactions, agitation, and depression (1). Ecstasy is a severe drug that causes severe physiological and psychological effects. X is detrimental to ones health if consumed even in moderation.
Street Names
X, XTC, Adam, Lover's Speed, Thizz, hug, beans, love drug and the most common name is ecstasy.
Health Effects
For some people, Ecstasy can be addictive. A survey of young adult and adolescent Ecstasy users found that 43 percent of those who reported ecstasy use met the accepted diagnostic criteria for dependence, as evidenced by continued use despite knowledge of physical or psychological harm, withdrawal effects, and tolerance, and 34 percent met the criteria for drug abuse. Almost 60 percent of people who use Ecstasy report withdrawal symptoms, including fatigue, loss of appetite, depressed feelings, and trouble concentrating. ??Cognitive Effects?Chronic users of Ecstasy perform more poorly than nonusers on certain types of cognitive or memory tasks. Some of these effects may be due to the use of other drugs in combination with Ecstasy, among other factors, Physical Effects. ?In high doses, Ecstasy can interfere with the body�s ability to regulate temperature. On rare but unpredictable occasions, this can lead to a sharp increase in body temperature (hyperthermia), resulting in liver, kidney failure, and possibly death. Since Ecstasy can interfere with its own breakdown within the body, many harmful levels can be reached by repeated drug use within short intervals. ??Users of Ecstasy face many of the same risks as users of other stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines. These include increases in heart rate and blood pressure, a special risk for people with circulatory problems or heart disease, and other symptoms such as muscle tension, involuntary teeth clenching, nausea, blurred vision, faintness, and chills or sweating.
References
1. Wood, Ralph, and Linda B. Synovitz. "Addressing the Threats of MDMA (Ecstasy): Implications for School Health Professionals, Parents, and Community Members." The Journal of School Health 71 (2001): 38-41.
2. McDowell, David M., and Herbert D. Kleber (1994). "MDMA: It's History and Pharmacology." Phychiatric Adults 24: 127-130.
Focus Adolescent Services Ecstast and Club Drugs http://www.focusas.com/Ecstasy.html
NIDA National Institute on Drug Abuse: The Science of Drug Abuse & Addiction http://www.drugabuse.gov/Infofacts/ecstasy.html
